What are WHO-UMC and Kramer causality algorithms?

WHO-UMC is the World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre causality assessment system, an internationally accepted framework that classifies drug-event causality based on temporal relationship, response to dechallenge or rechallenge, biological plausibility, and alternative explanations. The Kramer algorithm is a structured scoring framework that scores six axes (prior experience, alternative causes, timing, drug levels, response to dechallenge, response to rechallenge) to produce an overall causality category. Both are peer-reviewed, regulator-recognised, and reproducible. Burna AI applies both in parallel and surfaces the per-drug probability scores for clinician review.